Procrastinating Meaning.Procrastinating Definition.Procrastinating is.Procrastinating on.Procrastinating Define.Procrastinating Quotes.Procrastinating Means.Procrastinating Dictionary.Procrastinating Homework.Procrastinating Writers.Procrastinating Video.Procrastinating News.Procrastinating refers to the act of replacing
high-priority actions with tasks of lower priority, or doing something from
which one derives enjoyment, and thus putting off important tasks to a later
time.
In accordance with Freud, the Pleasure
principle may be
responsible for procrastination; humans do not prefer negative emotions, and
handing off a stressful task until a further date is enjoyable.
The concept
that humans work best under pressure provides additional enjoyment and
motivation to postponing a task. Some psychologists cite
such behavior as amechanism for coping with the anxiety associated with starting or completing
any task or decision. Other
psychologists indicate that anxiety is just as likely to get people to start
working early as late and the focus should be impulsiveness. That is, anxiety will cause people to delay
only if they are impulsive.
Procrastinating |
Procrastination
may result in stress, a sense of guilt and crisis, severe loss of personal productivity, as well as social disapproval for not meeting
responsibilities or commitments. These feelings combined may promote further
procrastination. While it is regarded as normal for people to procrastinate to some
degree, it becomes a problem when it impedes normal functioning. Chronic
procrastination may be a sign of an underlying psychological disorder. Such procrastinators may have
difficulty seeking support due to social stigma and
the belief that task-aversion is caused by laziness, low willpower or low
ambition.
Overview of Procrastinating:-
Psychological:
The psychological
causes of procrastination are in debate. Drawing on clinical work, there
appears to be a connection with issues of anxiety, low sense of self-worth,
and a self-defeating mentality.
On the other hand, drawing on meta-analytical correlational
work, anxiety and perfectionism have no – or at best an extremely weak –
connection with procrastination. Instead, procrastination is strongly connected
with lack of self-confidence (e.g., low self-efficacy,
or learned helplessness) or disliking the
task (e.g., boredom and apathy). The
strongest connection to procrastination, however, is impulsiveness. These
characteristics are often used as measures of the personality trait conscientiousness whereas
anxiety and irrational beliefs (such as perfectionism) are aspects of the
personality trait neuroticism. Accordingly, Lee, Kelly and
Edwards (2006) indicated that neuroticism has no direct links to
procrastination and that any relationship is fully mediated by
conscientiousness.
For most of human
evolution, laziness and short-term but fast thinking (impulsiveness)
were overall adaptive. Laziness was adaptive because energy and time were much
more limited than today in more-developed
countries for most people. Limited energy - e.g.,
lack of food - meant that avoidance of labor not necessary for short-term
survival was adaptive; after all, the energy invested in longer-term plans
might be wasted due to unexpected disasters (very common before human control
over our surroundings - technology - grew). Similarly, needing to work on
survival matters most of the time meant that time had to be conserved. For
handling day-to-day survival, short-term thinking was most of what was needed,
with planning limited to solving immediate problems; taking time to think about
longer-term plans could be a distraction from short-term survival. Today, most
people in more-developed countries lack pressures for immediate survival most
of the time; our motivations are more abstract. It is harder for such abstract
motivations to overcome avoidance of tasks that do not give us short-term
pleasure and may cause us short-term pain (e.g., due to boredom).
Procrastinating Meaning |
Physiological:
Research on the physiological roots
of procrastination mostly surrounds the role of the prefrontal
cortex. Consistent
with the notion that procrastination is strongly related to impulsiveness, this
area of the brain is responsible for executive brain functions such as
planning, impulse control, attention, and acts as a
filter by decreasing distracting stimuli from other brain regions. Damage or
low activation in this area can reduce an individual's ability to filter out
distracting stimuli, ultimately resulting in poorer organization, a loss of
attention and increased procrastination. This is similar to the prefrontal
lobe's role in attention-deficit
hyperactivity disorder, where underactivation is common.
Mental Health:-
For some people,
procrastination can be persistent and tremendously disruptive to everyday life.
For these individuals, procrastination may be symptomatic of a psychological
disorder such as depression or ADHD. Therefore, it is important for people whose
procrastination has become chronic and is perceived to be debilitating, to seek
out a trained therapist or psychiatrist to see if an underlying mental health issue may be
present.
Perfectionism:-
Traditionally,
procrastination has been associated with perfectionism, a tendency to negatively evaluate outcomes and one's own
performance, intense fear and avoidance of evaluation of one's abilities by
others, heightened social self-consciousness and anxiety, recurrent low mood,
and "workaholism". According to Robert B. Slaney adaptive perfectionists (when
perfectionism isegosyntonic) were less likely to procrastinate than
non-perfectionists, while maladaptive perfectionists (people who saw their perfectionism
as a problem; i.e., when perfectionism is egodystonic) had high levels of procrastination (and also of anxiety). Accordingly, meta-analytic review of
71 studies by Steel (2007) indicate that typically perfectionists actually
procrastinate slightly less than others, with "the exception being
perfectionists who were also seeking clinical counseling."
Reactions of
Procrastinating:-
Justification:-
Individual coping
responses to procrastination are often emotional or avoidant oriented rather
than task or problem-solving oriented. Emotion oriented coping is designed to
reduce stress (andcognitive dissonance) associated with
putting off intended and important personal goals, an option that provides
immediate pleasure and is consequently very attractive to impulsive
procrastinators. There are hundreds of identified emotion oriented
strategies, similar to Freudian defense mechanisms, coping styles and self-handicapping.
These procrastinators include using the following:
Avoidance:
Where we avoid the locale or situation where the task takes place (e.g., a
graduate student avoiding going to University).
Distraction:
Where we engage or immerse ourselves in other behaviors or actions to prevent
awareness of the task (e.g., intensive
videogame playing or Internet surfing)
Trivialization:
We reframe the intended but procrastinated task as being not that important
(e.g., "I'm putting off going to the dentist, but you know what? Teeth
aren't that important.").
Downward
counterfactuals: We compare our situation with those even worse (e.g.,
"Yes, I procrastinated and got a B- in the course, but I didn't fail like
one other student did."). Upward counterfactual is considering what would
have happened if we didn't procrastinate.
Humour: Making
a joke of one's procrastination, that the slapstick or slipshod quality of
one's aspirational goal striving is funny.
External
attributions: That the cause of procrastination is due to external forces
beyond our control (e.g., "I'm procrastinating because the assignment
isn't fair").
Reframing:
Pretending that getting an early start on a project is harmful to one's
performance and leaving the work to the last moment will produce better results
(e.g., "I'm most creative at 4:00 AM in the morning without sleep.").
Denial:
Pretending that procrastinatory behaviour is not actually procrastinating, but
a task which is more important than the avoided one.
Task or
problem-solving oriented coping is rarer for the procrastinator because it is
more effective in reducing procrastination. If pursued, it is less likely the
procrastinator would remain a procrastinator. It requires actively changing
one's behavior or situation to prevent a reoccurrence of procrastination.
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